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Marxist Theory, 2002.
This paper discusses the sociological use of Marxist theory to explain social structure.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
Marxist theory explains social structure through class struggle. One class exploits the product of the labor of another class in order to prosper. This paper further discusses the theory, contrasts it with functionalist theory, explores its roots and possible future, and discusses scholarly opinions about Marxist theory.
From the Paper
"In Contemporary Sociological Theory, Wallace and Wolf define Marxist theory as a sociological theory that identifies economic factors as the fundamental determinant of social structure and change (Wallace and Wolf 78-79). For ages sociologists have been concerned with the study of human society and social behavior. From these studies they have derived theories to explain the formation and continuation of social structure as well as human behavior within that structure. According to Marxist theory, economics shapes our society and determines our interests. As a result of economic factors, classes are formed and conflicts arise. According to Marxist theory, this happens because one class cannot make economic gains without exploiting another class. When the exploitation becomes evident, the classes will struggle for power."
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Dependency and Marxist Theory in Latin America, 2004.
An overview of how dependency and Marxist theories have had an effect on the economy of Latin America.
2,936 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both dependency theory and Marxist theory suggest reasons why Latin America and similar areas in the world have not achieved the same level of economic development as the developed world and how each theory has then been used as a reason for making changes to effect greater levels of development. It considers the history and political and social structures in Latin America and looks at how the way these theories have affected Latin American economies and their citizens.
From the Paper
"Development and underdevelopment are seen in terms of dependency theory as part of the same process and not as separate entities. Dependency theory was fashioned to explain the patterns of development in Latin America and held that this development had been conditioned by the incorporation of the region into the capitalist mode of production. The dependency of the Third World on the developed capitalist nations involves an interaction that explains the economic and social-class formations that have emerged in places like Latin America and also the structure of trade, technology, and investment between the developed and the developing world (Topik, 1987, pp. 554-555)."
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Classical Marxist Theory and Literature, 2005.
This paper discusses the classical Marxist approach to literature, which views literature as essentially a social and cultural production.
8,870 words (approx. 35.5 pages), 85 sources, MLA, £ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in its classical sense, Marxist theory does not deal explicitly with literature and art and does not develop an aesthetic of culture or literature. However, the theoretical trajectory of Marxist thought has impacted radically on art and literature as aspects of societal and cultural discourse. The author points out that the concept of dialectic refers specifically to the methodology or method of analysis, which is peculiar to Marxist theory;. In this sense, literature and art, as cultural products, are analyzed in relation to their social and historical context. The paper analyzes specifically " Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad, "A Passage to India" by E. M. Forster's and the writings of Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview
Foundation of Marxist Theory and Literary Criticism
Marxism - Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Literature
The Premises of Marxist Criticism
Base and Superstructure
The Dialectic
Ideology and Alienation
Semiology and Psychoanalytic Theory.
Reader - Response Theories
A Marxist Critique of Literature
Analysis of the Echo in "A Passage to India": A dialectical reading
" Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad
Dickens
Shakespeare
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From this perspective, literary works are essential structures of ideological formations. In other words, literature expresses and represents the ideals and aims of class formation that persist and maintain the society. "Literature is for Marxism a particular kind of signifying practice which tends to make up what can be termed an ideological formation". Therefore, Marxist critical perspectives will attempt to explain literature from within its social context and in relation to that particular historical time period. This in turn relates to basic strategies, such as the identification of class structures and class struggle within the literature of a certain historical period."
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Marxist Literary Theories, 2002.
A look at "Marxist Literary Theories" by David Forgacs.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes an article entitled "Marxist Literary Theories" by David Forgacs, from a book entitled "Modern Literary Theory, A Comparative Introduction", edited by Ann Jefferson and David Robley. The article, and this paper, provide an explanation of the basic modes and underlying assumptions of Marxist literary theories.
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Marxist Theory, 2004.
An analysis of Karl Marx and his economic theory.
906 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a brief discussion of the life history of Karl Marx. The paper describes one of Marx's contributions to economics and explains the significance of this contribution. The paper examines the loopholes in Marx's economic theory. The paper contends that his economic theories deserve to be studied so that the undesirable effects of capitalism, such as the growing socioeconomic inequality around the world, can be effectively tackled.
From the Paper
"Karl Marx was born into a middle-class Jewish family in Trier, Germany on May 5, 1818. He studied Law at the University of Bonn and at the University of Berlin. He entered the field of journalism in 1842, becoming the editor of an influential liberal newspaper, "Rheinische Zeitung" in Cologne shortly afterwards. His bold criticism of the social and Economic conditions in Prussia brought him into further trouble with the government and the paper was banned. He left Germany and started to live in Paris where he adopted his Communist beliefs."
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Fundamentals of the Marxist Theory, 2001.
A discussion of the basic economic, psychological, ideological and literary theories of Marxism.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 13 sources, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the major theories of Marxism. The author focuses on core perspectives of Marxism as the belief that history is determined by economics and that economic crises will result in increased poverty, which in turn will inspire the working class to revolt, ousting the capitalists. The author analyzes these ideas and ideologies.
From the Paper
"Marxism is an economic and political philosophy named for its originator, Karl Marx (1818-83). Marx was a German social philosopher and revolutionary, who, in 1844, met in Paris another German philosopher, Fredrich Engels (1820-95), beginning a long collaboration. Four years later, they wrote the Communist Manifesto, laying the foundation for socialism and communism. Marx is most well know for Das Kapital (The Capital), which took him thirty years to complete and was published in three volumes-the first in 1867, and the second and third after his death in 1885 and 1894 (Mayo, 1960)."
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Neo-Marxian Theory, 2002.
A discussion of the differences between Neo-Marxian theory and Marxist theory.
1,919 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an insight into Neo-Marxian theory and discusses how it differs from traditional Marxian theory primarily in its rejection of both economic determinism and the view that individuals play no role in shaping society. It analyzes how Marx believed the ideas of individuals to be powerless as a force in history unless they are connected with materialism. It examines how Neo-Marxian theorists have emphasized the individual in ways that certainly distinguish those theorists from both Marx and his traditional interpreters. It concludes that the greatest weakness of neo-Marxist reconsideration of Marxist theory is that it is still in process and requires additional study (particularly the questions of over-accumulation and stagnation), but such a "weakness" is to be expected in such a revisionist effort.
From the Paper
"Lukacs' neo-Marxist view of class consciousness gives more power to individuals than Marxist theory, or least individuals within the proletariat, which is capable of a true class consciousness he believes is denied to the bourgeoisie, which "at best . . . understands the development of capitalism as something external, subject to objective laws, which it can experience only passively." The proletariat, on the other hand, has the capacity to develop true class consciousness, and as it does, the bourgeoisie is thrown on the defensive. Lukacs refused to see the proletariat as simply driven by external forces but viewed it instead as an active creator of its own fate. . . . "The class struggle must be raised from the level of economic necessity to the level of conscious aim and effective class consciousness" [writes Lukacs]. When the struggle reaches this point, the proletariat is capable of the action that can overthrow the capitalist system."
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Structuralism and Modernization Theory, 2006.
A look at continuities and discontinuities in modernization and Marxist theories of development.
1,383 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the nexus between modernization and development, the different aspects of modernism and its contribution to the discourse of development. It argues that the modernization perspective has been discursively significant in the development of the underdevelopment discourse and has been widely applied as a political tool in prescribing development for Third World societies.
From the Paper
"The two great wars in the first half of the twentieth century fundamentally altered the way Europe dealt with its former colonies. As the rise of welfare states changed the economic orientations of states, the provision of humane conditions of living became part of state responsibility. The development project rose in the context of a post-colonial international system with the aim to modernize societies along the lines of the Western democracy-capitalism model. Governments in former colonies also known as third world countries faced dual pressures: how to fit in a Western balance of power-based state system and how to rapidly 'develop'. As observed, there is an enormous emphasis on the state in delivering a better quality of life for the people. This is the historical context of development. On the other hand, the discursive context of development comes from a realisation. "
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Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice, 2002.
Conflict theory based on Marxist assumptions and how this can be applied in criminal justice studies.
3,479 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. This paper discusses how conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety. It explains that the theory relies on a Marxist interpretation of the function of a capitalist society. It also shows how the theory argues for a broader definition of crime to include offenses and actions intended to maintain the ruling structure. This paper addresses how the theory and models of punishment based on the theory require an understanding of criminal justice that takes into consideration the social and political causes of crime, particularly models of treatment based on a concept of restorative justice.
Table of Contents
History and Definition of Conflict Theory
Human Nature
Social Order
Causal Logic of Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Policy
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Practice
Evaluation
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Before the 1960s, most criminology research and theory was conducted under the rubric of structural-functionalism, which assumed the primacy of the social system and the inter-relationship of social institutions without much focus or consideration for the individuals or groups who made up the institutions. However, critics of these theories argued that by minimizing the social conflict and tension inherent within society, these theories supported a politically conservative agenda within sociology and criminology."
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Game Theory-The New Marxism, 2006.
An analysis of Marxist economics with regards to foreign relations and how this perspective compares to modern game theory.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Marxist economics from the perspective of foreign relations and how foreign relations is conducted based on the benefits that one nation can receive in relations at the expense of other nations. This Marxist perspective is compared to modern game theory and its sub-component, coalition theory in that game theory's basic assumption of zero-sum outcomes is a Marxist interpretation of capitalism in acceptable guise.
From the Paper
"Marxist economics has suffered in stature chiefly due to its being co-opted by the various communist political regimes that relied on its basic assumption upon which to construct their derivative economic models; most commonly of which was the Soviet economic model with its central planning and misconstrued allocation of resources (Wood, 2004). However, Marxist economics were never fully understood by these communist regimes and certainly not faithfully applied. At its core, Marxist economics accurately reflects the innate shortcomings of free market capitalism and the political structure that arise from them. One of the key differences that Marxist economics points out between itself and that of capitalist economics is the valuation of labor or the labor theory of value (Wood, 2004, pp.136-39)."
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Christina Aguilera's "Beautiful", 2007.
An analysis of hegemony theory and Marxist theory as discussed by John Storey in "Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction" and related to Christina Aguilera's song, "Beautiful."
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses hegemony theory and how it relates to popular culture. It particularly focuses on Christina Aguilera's song, "Beautiful" and how hegemony theory and Marxist theory relate to it. The paper discusses the views on hegemony theory and Marxist theory expressed by John Storey in his work, "Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction."
From the Paper
"Both Hegemony Theory and Marxist Theory serve as useful lenses through which to view the video because each emphasizes aspects of Beautiful that are central to its importance in greater popular culture. Viewer responses to the video on sites such as YouTube provide telling evidence as to the viability of these two perspectives. In the tradition of Hegemony Theory, many viewers interpreted Beautiful as an affirming challenge to dominant culture, writing comments such as "this video taught me that it's ok to be different and had a big change on my life." Other users, in the tradition of Marxist pessimism, interpreted the video as yet another traditional reaffirmation of social ideals. As one user eloquently put it, "Yeah Christina's trying to change her image and I don't know about that. But damn she's still hot.""
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Educational theory and Philosophy, 2007.
This paper discusses educational theory and philosophy in US schools.
4,443 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 43 sources, MLA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer first discusses that most researchers believed that during the 1950s the topics that were not raised consistently as influences on educational theories like racial discrimination, status of women, etc., had more drastic effect than the issues that were addressed. The writer then relates that educational theories were more specialized and respected in the 1960s than any other on the basis of the incorporation of assessment procedures that guaranteed impartiality, lucidity, and practical inflexibility. Further, the writer notes that Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1970 basically brought forth the notion of competition that was singly the most influential concept in the coming decades. The writer points out that the decade of the 1980s saw feminism, neo-Marxist notion, and the first drafts of the postmodern theory being considered as legal areas of concern in the sphere educational philosophy. Finally, the writer notes that the 1990s brought around tragedy, feelings of loss and uncertainty among the societies. The writer concludes that in the future, one can hope that the reforms and incorporations that have been made over the past decades in the education theories yield fruitful results by enhancing educational standards and efficiency of the execution of education philosophies.
Outline:
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1950s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1960s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1970s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1980s
Educational Theory and Philosophy during 1990s
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There were also quite a few articles that chose to concentrate only the numerous problems or aspects of the education policies present like the level of educational liberty available to both the students and the teachers, the educational as well as peripheral responsibilities of the academic management. An example of an essay of this format is the article written by Willard Spalding who was the Dean of the College of Education at the University of Illinois at the time. He in this article tried to design a completely fresh notion and theory of training the teachers. He believed that this could be achieved by invalidating what he believed to be the conservative or traditional comprehension of the association amid the traits and various units of education. He followed the viewpoint first brought forth by Aristotle that regarded the numerous units as the primary factors whereas the traits as the secondary factors. Spalding supported this viewpoint because he believed that this led to a more lucid understanding of the society's needs and requirements for the educational standards, temperaments and policies."
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"Representation of Marx in Ideology and the Development of Sociological Theory", 2002.
A critical response to this work by Irving Zeitlin.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss Irving Zeitlin's work and his treatment of Marxist thought. It will be seen that the primary objective of the text is to "rehabilitate" Marxist theory from the "barnacles" of misconception that have been attached to it since its first appearance.
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Racist Crime in Light of Criminal Theory, 2005.
A survey of criminal theories in an attempt to explain the racist crime motivation.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This study seeks the origin and causes of a racial homicide in Jasper, Texas. Three schools of crime theories help explain various dimensions of the crime. The classical school advances the social contract theory and the theory of proportionality. The Marxist school presents the labeling and conflict theories. Finally, the paper shows how Vernon Geberth and Erich Fromm advance the psychology of evil or malignant narcissism to explain the origin and cause of James Byrd's lynching.
From the Paper
"The proponents of the proportionality theory claim that the punishment should fit the crime. For example, if the punishment for stealing a doughnut were the same for stealing a car, many would see no added risk in stealing the car. Therefore, crime would increase if the punishment did not fit the crime. For several generations in Jasper, law enforcement looked the other way and/or participated in racist crimes. The risk for committing these crimes was next to nonexistent. Therefore, these unchallenged crimes increased in our tragic history of racism, over the decades. (Hoffman, 1999) This theory helps explain the racist crime trends from the 1920s to the 1960s. Jasper in 1998 was seen as a vestige of that era. Another paradigm may help explain the events at Jasper."
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